Decembrist Street

Mira and Khokhryakov Streets are crossed by the Decembrist Street leading to the Irtysh. Until 1925, the street was called Abramovskaya by the river Abramka.

In the early years of Soviet power, Abramovskaya Street was renamed Decembrist Street, in honor of the participants of the uprising on Senate Square.

Not far from the intersection of Abramovskaya and Bolshaya Arkhangelskaya streets (modern — Decembrists and Lenin) on the left bank of the Arkhangelsk River in the old days there was a pub "Prityka". In April 1910, the electric theater "Isker" opened on Abramovskaya Street in Lobkov’s house.

On the bank of the river Abramki (Monastyrki) is the Znamensky Monastery — the oldest monastery in Siberia, founded in 1595 or 1599 by monks from the Russian north. After the construction of the church in the name of the Sign of the Most Holy Theotokos with the chapel of Saints Zosima and Savvati, the monastery began to be called Znamensky.

Tobolsk Theological Seminary was the center of spiritual education of the diocese. In 1919, the seminary was closed. The revival of this educational institution occurred only after 80 years.

And in 1925 the Tobolsk Znamensky Monastery was closed. A tea shop for peasants was opened in it. Then the territory of the monastery was operated by the Tobolsk winery and the zoovettechnikum (then the agricultural college). In 1976, the Znamensky Monastery was taken over for state protection, but it is not being restored yet.

Dekabristov Street leads to the shore of the Irtysh River, where sailing and rowing vessels, barges and barges used to sail until 1844, the appearance of the first steamship "Osnova" by merchant Nikolai Myasnikov.

In August 1734, the first state pier was built on the bank of the Irtysh. The berth for ships was built by the forces of the military unit in just 5 days.

Decembrists and Tobolsk

The first of the Decembrists to arrive in Tobolsk was Nikolai Alekseevich Chizhov, lieutenant of the Guards naval crew, nephew of Professor Dmitry Chizhov of St. Petersburg University. For his participation in the uprising, Chizhov was exiled to Yakutsk. In 1832, the Moscow Telegraph magazine published Chizhov’s poem "Nucha" (the so-called Russian Yakuts — Approx.P.E.). When the poems got to the head of the III department A.H. Benkendorf, he was furious — the Decembrists have intercourse with the freedom! From Yakutsk, Chizhov was transferred to Tobolsk, where he served as a private of the 1st Siberian Battalion. In 1836 a new Governor-General of Western Siberia Pyotr Dmitrievich Gorchakovhas arrived in the city. Gorchakov noticed Chizhov and gave him every possible patronage. In 1837, the heir to the throne, Tsarevich Alexander Nikolaevich, arrived in Tobolsk. The Governor-General insisted that the Decembrist write him a greeting poem. At the request of the Tsarevich, Emperor Nicholas I promoted Chizhov to non-commissioned officer. When Gorchakov was transferred to Omsk, he took Chizhov with him. Four years later, with the rank of ensign, Chizhov retired and settled as a manager at the Gorchakov estate in the Orel province.

Following Chizhov, 14 more Decembrists arrived in Tobolsk in different years. The Decembrists were forbidden to leave the city, to have weapons in the house, to take portraits of themselves.

In 1838, retired Major General Mikhail Nikolaevich Fonvizin (nephew of the writer Fonvizin, author of the famous "Nedoroslya") arrived in Tobolsk with his wife Natalia Dmitrievna. Natalia Dmitrievna Fonvizina (nee Apukhtina) was one of eleven women who voluntarily followed their Decembrist husbands to Siberia. Priest Stefan (Stepan) became Fonvizina’s confessor in Tobolsk Yakovlevich Znamensky. Children of Stefan was brought up in the Fonvizins' house.

Mikhail Alexandrovich and Natalia Dmitrievna did not have their own children — they left two sons at home, the rest died in Siberia.

Fonvizina was very pious, engaged in charity work. She always wore black clothes, so in Tobolsk she was nicknamed the Black Lady.

In 1839, the Decembrist Semyon Grigoryevich Krasnokutsky came to Tobolsk, and in 1841 the Decembrist Alexander Petrovich Baryatinsky. Belonging to the richest family of princes, Baryatinsky in Tobolsk, he lived in extreme poverty — he received only winter and summer peasant clothes and soldiers' rations. When he died, things worth 11 rubles were found in the house. 3 kopecks, things were sold out, and the money went to the treasury.

In 1846, a sick Wilhelm Karlovich Kuchelbecker was brought to Tobolsk. He lived in Tobolsk for less than six months — tuberculosis brought him to the grave. In these last months of his life, the poet P.P. Ershov became very close to him. Kuchelbecker’s body was carried by his Decembrist friends to the cemetery and, according to the will, buried between Krasnokutsky and Baryatinsky.

The Decembrists-doctors Ferdinand Bogdanovich Wolf and Pavel Sergeyevich Bobrishchev-Pushkin rendered a huge benefit to the residents of Tobolsk. Wolf was a teacher of the hygiene course at the theological seminary. Bobrishchev-Pushkin was not a professional physician — he was engaged in homeopathy and treated the population with small doses of medicines. The Decembrist doctors performed their professional feat in 1848, when a cholera epidemic broke out in the city. More than 600 Tobolians died in a month (this is when the population of the city is 18 thousand), but the Decembrists managed to save 400 lives — they went around the whole city, providing free assistance, and turned their homes into infirmaries.

In the middle of the XIX century, given the education of the Decembrists, they were allowed to occupy minor official posts. Five Decembrists served in the Tobolsk provincial government. It is noteworthy that among them was the Decembrist Alexander Nikolaevich Muravyov, the only one who was not deprived of ranks and nobility. Even before the uprising on the Senate Square, he left the secret organization, so they sent him not to hard labor, but to exile in Siberia. In Tobolsk, Muravyov served as a civil governor.

The houses of the Decembrists turned into the centers of the cultural life of the city, musical and literary evenings were held there. P.P. Ershov, the Znamensky and Mendeleev families were friends with the Decembrists. The elder sister of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev Olga married the Decembrist Basargin, brother Pavel was married to the niece of the Decembrist Mozalevsky.

The Decembrists influenced the work of the young artist Mikhail Znamensky. They were the first to notice that the boy draws well, and were able to organize his training with the Tobolsk artist Kozlov. Then Znamensky studied at the St. Petersburg Theological Seminary, at the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
On the initiative of the Decembrists, with the permission of the governor Tikhon Fyodorovich Prokofiev, a girls' parish school was opened in 1852. Tobolsk merchants bought a house for the school on Pilyatskaya Street and equipped it. In 1854, the school became known as the Mariinsky Girls' School.

After the death of Tsar Nicholas I, an amnesty was declared and the Decembrists could return to European Russia. They left for their homeland, leaving only 7 expensive graves in Tobolsk alone.
By his own will, the Decembrist Phlegont Mironovich Bashmakov remained in Tobolsk. One of the oldest Decembrists, a participant in Suvorov’s campaigns and the Russian-Turkish war, did not go home after the amnesty, considering that he would not be able to move. He was threatened with forced eviction, and then the Decembrist wrote a letter addressed to the governor, in which there was also such a phrase: "… I am an old sick man, and the grave in Russia is no warmer than in Siberia…" Bashmakov was left in Tobolsk, where he lived for three more years.

The river Abramka (or Abramovka) in the old days was called Monastyrka (Monastyrskaya), since in 1623 the Tobolsk Znamensky Monastery was built on its right bank. There are several versions of the origin of the name of the Abramovskaya river.

According to the stories of Tobolsk old-timers, there was a tavern near the bridge, which was kept by a certain Abram. According to another version, the name of the bridge appeared from the police bailiff Abramov, who came up with the idea of calling for a fee from passing people.

There is a version that the name of the bridge is connected with the name of Abram Hannibal. Having fallen into disgrace under Catherine I, the famous ancestor of A.S. Pushkin was exiled to Siberia, where he served as an engineer in various fortresses. Being in Tobolsk in 1727, Hannibal built a bridge across the Monastyrka River, which was named Abramovsky in his honor.

In 1734, the first state pier on the Irtysh was built. During the entire existence of the pier, Tobolsk has been visited by many famous people of the country. Governor Kornilov went on a trip along the Irtysh and Ob rivers in 1807, however, before and after this event, the governors visited Tobolsk infrequently.

In 1844, the first steamship appeared in Tyumen, and by 1847 there were already six of them.
On June 13, 1865, in Tobolsk, Governor-General Dugamel arrived in Tobolsk and visited local institutions and Ermak’s garden. On July 23, 1868, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich arrived in Tobolsk. On July 29, 1869, Governor-General Khrushchev visited various institutions and charitable organizations.

On July 17, 1876, zoologist Ivan Semenovich Polyakov went on an expedition from Tobolsk on the steamship Sibiryak. On September 22, they returned. The artist M.S. Znamensky created 11 cartoons about the journey. On September 8, 1877, the English ship "Louise" arrived from London.

Convicts began to be transported by steamboats from the 1870s. Merchants and industrialists were engaged in this. The first steamers arrived in May, the last departed in October.
On July 13, 1889, Prince Henry of Orleans arrived in Tobolsk on the merchant Ignatov’s steamer. He hunted in Tyumen and visited Tobolsk, where he saw a cathedral, a museum and a monument to Ermak.

On July 23, 1889, the former Governor-General Alexei Pavlovich Ignatiev was passing by through Tobolsk. He was met by the governor of Tobolsk and the chairman of the provincial board. Count Ignatiev visited Bishop Avraamiy of Tobolsk and the provincial museum.

In 1895, 115 steamships sailed in Western Siberia, the longest journey took 24 days. Tickets for the Tyumen — Tobolsk flight cost from 2 rubles. 20 kopecks to 6 rubles.

On June 4, 1895, Vilkitsky’s expedition set off from Tobolsk to the north, explored the Ob Bay, the mouth of the Yenisei and part of the Kara Sea. The bay "Nakhodka" was discovered.
On the evening of September 7, 1897, Vice Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov arrived in Tobolsk. He was met by the vice-governor and members of the city council. The Vice Admiral stayed at the house of merchant Bronnikov. On September 8, he gave a lecture on icebreakers and left for Tyumen on September 9.

On June 30, 1899, D. Mendeleev arrived in Tobolsk from Tyumen and spent five days in his hometown, visiting various places, including gymnasiums, a cathedral, a prison castle and a cemetery. He also visited the village where he spent his childhood, and the museum, where he was particularly interested in the collection of portraits of Ermak and objects of archeology and ethnography.

On May 1, 1913, the opera troupe arrived in Tobolsk on the steamer Fortuna and immediately performed on stage.

On August 6, 1917, the royal family arrived in Tobolsk on the steamer Rus. They were supposed to live in the governor’s house, but were forced to spend a week on the boat, as the house was not ready. They considered this time happy and enjoyed freedom.

On June 25, 1941, the steamer "Alexey Bui" set off with the first volunteers and mobilized Tobolians to the Red Army.

The Tobolsk Znamensky Monastery was built in 1595 on the left bank of the Irtysh by monks from the Russian north. Due to frequent floods in 1610, the monastery was moved to the city, to the Upper Posad. After the move, two churches of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary were built for the brethren and Nikolskaya in 1611 by residents of Tobolsk.
The monastery was not rich. However, donations were made to the monastery, for example, land near Begishevsky Lake, land along Tobol and Tavda.
By order of the first Archbishop Cyprian, the monks were transferred to the Lower Posad, the monastery became known as Znamensky, the nuns remained in the same place.
Gradually the monastery became richer and in the second half of the XVIII century the monastery became one of the largest landowners. In 1764, the monastery owned 33 villages, 5 mills, a stud farm and 2,140 peasants.
The decline of the monastery occurred after a major reform in 1764, the maintenance of the monastery was reduced, some lands were lost. Part of the monastery grounds were later returned to the monastery.
The monastery was often visited by various disasters: fires of the Temple of the Sign, monastic buildings in 1659, 1677, 1788 and floods in 1784 and 1784. After the disasters, the temple was subject to major repairs, but after it did not stand for a hundred years. Sandy soil with layers of silt and frequent floods were the reasons for its gradual destruction. In 1893, during the inspection of the temple by a special commission, it was decided to dismantle the cathedral. In 1897, the Transfiguration Cathedral was dismantled, and its entire valuable iconostasis was transferred to the Ioanno-Vvedensky Monastery.
The close connection of the monastery with the Tobolsk Seminary can be traced back to 1770, when this educational institution was moved from the bishop's compound to Nizhny Posad.

The building was built in 1900. Until 1923, it was occupied by the land resources and state property management, commercial cellars were located in the basement. In 1923, the building became the property of the city.

In Soviet times, secondary school No. 3 was formed in the house. After that, it became an art school. Now one of the largest historical buildings under the mountains is idle and is slowly being destroyed.

The house was built in the middle of the XIX century and is a modest, rectangular, two-story building. There is an assumption that at first the house was one-story, and the second floor appeared at the beginning of the XX century. Priests Simeon Agafonov, Mikhail Tveritin, Vasily Kosmakov, Alexander Dulebov, Vasily Skosyrev served in the Nativity Church in different years. In 1911, 18 people lived in this house (11 m., 7 w.).

The wooden Church of the Nativity of Christ was built in 1652. In 1744, the parishioners of the Nativity Church decided to build a stone church instead of a dilapidated wooden one. In the summer of 1748, a stone church was laid to the west of the wooden church. It was built at the expense of the Tobolsk coachman Kuzma Cherepanov.

On April 1, 1751, the main church was consecrated. The iconostasis in it was arranged by the merchant Vasily Vasilyevich Bushkov. Inside the church was decorated with frescoes and stucco.

In 1761, the north aisle was built in the name of the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God. In 1802, the south aisle was laid in the name of Zosima and Savvati of the Solovetsky Miracle Workers. The money for its construction was given by the merchant Ivan Shirkov. In 1847, copper heads were arranged on the temple and bell tower, gilded through fire. During a thunderstorm on August 1, 1906, lightning struck the dome of the church, which singed the iconostasis.

The staff of the church consisted of a priest and a psalmist. Priests Simeon Agafonov, Mikhail Tveritin, Vasily Kosmakov, Alexander Dulebov, Vasily Skosyrev have served in the church over the years.
In 1863, 261 people (115 m., 146 w.) lived in the parish of the church. In 1895, 214 people (109 m., 105 w.) lived in the parish.

On December 14, 1886, a one-class male literacy school was opened at the temple. In 1891, the school was transformed into a parish school and housed in its own building. On September 20, 1898, a new building built for the school was consecrated. Its cost was 2800 rubles. Most of the amount was provided by the diocesan college council. The trustee of the school, merchant Vasily Yakovlevich Smorodennikov, donated sheets of iron for the roof for 200 rubles, 108 rubles were received from the parishioners of the church. In 1899, a library-reading room was opened in the Parish School of the Nativity of Christ. In 1908 There were 75 boys enrolled in the Christ-Giving Men’s parish school.
In Soviet times, the temple was partially destroyed. In 2012, it was in the process of restoration.

The house was built in the first half of the twentieth century on the former square near the Nativity Church. Previously, there was a Public meeting room at this place.

The first club associations in the cities of Siberia arose in the first half of the XIX century and were called Noble Assemblies. A similar institution operated in Tobolsk on the square near the Nativity Church.

On June 2, 1837, at ten o’clock in the evening, the heir to the throne, Alexander Nikolaevich, visited the Noble Assembly. He danced with Princess Goncharova, General Golofeeva, Colonel Skerletova and other ladies. In front of the house of assembly at this time, a magnificent shield with the monogram of the royal name was burning to the guests. At midnight, the royal guest left the ball.
Pyotr Pavlovich Ershov, recalling this visit, clarified: "In the evening, the Grand Duke was in the assembly and was extremely pleased. I must say that the city spared nothing for adoption. There were up to five hundred visitors alone. The Sovereign heir danced four more French quadrilles in addition to the Polish one. Here he was in a Cossack uniform; at the same time he wore the uniform of the Preobrazhensky Regiment." The old — timer Kresnovsky added: "The music struck the Tsarevich in the assembly from the very first Polish. "Where did you get such music?" he asked the Governor-General, to which he replied that he had obliged the orchestra to Alyabyev, and then to kapellmeister Volitsky."

In 1856−1858, meetings were opened everywhere in the cities of the Russian Empire. They were called Noble meetings, Merchant meetings, but most often Public meetings.

Musical and literary evenings, New Year’s masquerades were held in the Public Assembly. There was a buffet with a set of hot drinks, hot and cold snacks. The main pastime of visitors were cards, chess, checkers. A monthly fee was set for attending a Public meeting. In case of non-payment, a member of the club was excluded from it without running (that is, without a vote on this matter by the elders). The elders of the assembly were supposed to monitor "the purity of their ranks", not to allow people with a tarnished reputation and dishonest behavior there.

The two-storey house with a basement was built of brick at the end of the XVIII century in the style of classicism. In the process of repairs and alterations of the twentieth century, the windows of the first floor were enlarged, entrances were made and the roof was updated.

According to researchers, the house is associated with the residence of the famous Siberian historian Pyotr Andreevich Slovtsov.

Pyotr Andreevich Slovtsov, Siberian historian, teacher, was born in the family of a priest at the Nizhne-Susansky factory in Perm province. He studied at the Tobolsk Theological Seminary, where in 1788 he was among the best graduates. In 1792, Pyotr Andreevich returned to Tobolsk and became a teacher of mathematics and eloquence, then philosophy at the Tobolsk Theological Seminary.

On November 10, 1793, a young philosophy teacher at the Tobolsk Theological Seminary, Pyotr Andreevich Slovtsov, delivered his famous sermon at the St. Sophia Assumption Cathedral. He pointed out that "not all citizens are placed in the same laws; advantages, differences and pleasures are captured in the hands of one part, while the rest are left to work, the severity of laws or misfortunes." Slovtsov spoke about the corruption of morals in Russian society, especially among the grandees of the capital. The monarchy in his sermon is "great tombs, enclosing their miserable moaning corpses, these are magnificent tombstones, heavily oppressing these tombs." There was a huge scandal, as Governor Alexander Vasilyevich Alyabyev and Bishop Varlaam were present at the sermon. Slovtsov was arrested and sent to St. Petersburg under guard. From St. Petersburg, Slovtsov was transferred to the Nevsky Monastery, and then he was appointed a teacher at the Main Seminary. In addition to lecturing, he was engaged in writing poems.

In 1797, Slovtsov was transferred to the Office of the Prosecutor General, then to the Office of the State Council, and from there to the department of the Ministry of Commerce. In 1808, on suspicion of bribery, Slovtsov was taken into custody and sent to the service of the Siberian Governor-General I.B. Pestel. In Irkutsk, he served in the Department of Public Education.

In 1826 he left Irkutsk and settled in Tobolsk. He devoted himself entirely to literary and historical studies. In 1834, the first work "A Walk around Tobolsk in 1830" was published. Slovtsov finished the main work "Historical Review of Siberia" by the end of his life. Slovtsov died on March 28, 1843. He was buried in the central alley of the Zavalny cemetery.